How to fix broken WiFi after a kernel update on MacBook Pro late 2012

Install the proprietary Broadcom STA driver

sudo apt update
sudo apt install broadcom-sta-dkms

Confirm the correct kernel headers and build tools

sudo apt install linux-headers-$(uname -r) build-essential dkms

Force a DKMS rebuild in case the kernel upgrade broke it

sudo dkms autoinstall

Load the correct driver

sudo modprobe wl

Check:

lsmod | grep wl
lsmod | grep -E 'wl|brcm|bcma'
dmesg | grep -i wl